STAINLESS STEEL TUBE & PIPE METALS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED SHANG HAI - CHINA Manufacturer Metallurgy , Mining & Energy China manufacturers suppliers directory

STAINLESS STEEL General Information The many unique values provided by stainless steel make it a powerful candidate in materials selection. Engineers, specifiers and designers often underestimate or overlook these values because of what is viewed as the higher initial cost of stainless steel. However, over the total life of a project, stainless is often the best value option. What is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is essentially a low carbon steel which contains chromium at 10% or more by weight. It is this addition of chromium that gives the steel its unique stainless, corrosion resisting properties. The chromium content of the steel allows the formation of a rough, adherent, invisible, corrosion-resisting chromium oxide film on the steel surface. If damaged mechanically or chemically, this film is self-healing, providing that oxygen, even in very small amounts, is present. The corrosion resistance and other useful properties of the steel are enhanced by increased chromium content and the addition of other elements such as molybdenum, nickel and nitrogen. There are more than 60 grades of stainless steel. However, the entire group can be divided into five classes. Each is identified by the alloying elements which affect their microstructure and for which each is named. Benefits of Stainless Steel Corrosion resistance Lower alloyed grades resist corrosion in atmospheric and pure water environments, while high-alloyed grades can resist corrosion in most acids, alkaline solutions, and chlorine bearing environments, properties which are utilized in process plants. Fire and heat resistance Special high chromium and nickel-alloyed grades resist scaling and retain strength at high temperatures. Hygiene The easy cleaning ability of stainless makes it the first choice for strict hygiene conditions, such as hospitals, kitchens, abattoirs and other food processing plants. Aesthetic appearance The bright, easily maintained surface of stainless steel provides a modern and attractive appearance. Strength-to-weight advantage The work-hardening property of austenitic grades, that results in a significant strengthening of the material from cold-working alone, and the high strength duplex grades, allow reduced material thickness over conventional grades, therefore cost savings. Ease of fabrication Modern steel-making techniques mean that stainless can be cut, welded, formed, machined, and fabricated as readily as traditional steels. Impact resistance The austenitic microstructure of the 300 series provides high toughness, from elevated temperatures to far below freezing, making these steels particularly suited to cryogenic applications. Long term value When the total life cycle costs are considered, stainless is often the least expensive material option. Cycle of Stainless Steel To ensure a high quality of life, the materials that we use as consumers and manufacturers should meet not only technical performance standards, but have a Long Service Life, be Usable in a Great Number of Applications, and be Environmentally Friendly. Once their service is complete, they should be 100% Recyclable, thereby completing the life cycle to be used once again. Stainless Steel is such a material. The longevity of stainless is the result of the alloying composition and, therefore, it has a natural corrosion resistance. Nothing is applied to the surface that could add additional material to the environment. It does not need additional systems to protect the base metal, the metal itself will last. Stainless steel needs less maintenance and its hygienic qualities means that we do not have to use harsh cleaners to get a clean surface. There is little or nothing to dump into the drain that could have an environmental impact. Stainless steel products complete their service life. There is less concern about disposal since this material is 100% recyclable. In fact, over 50% of new stainless steel comes from old remelted stainless steel scrap, thereby completing the full life cycle. STAINLESS STEEL - CLASSIFICATIONS 400 Series Martensitic - Typical grade: 410 Straight chromium (12-18%), magnetic and can be hardened by heat treatment. Typical use: Fasteners, pump shafts 400 Series Ferritic - Typical grade: 430 Straight chromium (12-18%), "low" carbon, magnetic, but not heat treatable. Typical use: Appliance trim, cooking utensils 200/300 Series Austenitic - Typical grade: 304 Chromium (17-25%)/Nickel (8-25%), non-magnetic, not heat treatable. Can develop high strength by cold work. Additions of molybdenum (up to 7%) can increase the corrosion resistance. Typical use: Food equipment, chemical equipment, architectural applications Precipitation Hardening - Typical grade: 17-4 Chromium (12-28%)/Nickel (3-9%), martensitic or austenitic. Develop strength by precipitation hardening reaction during heat treatment. Typical use: Valves, gears, petro-chemical equipment Duplex - Typical grade: 2205 Chromium (18-25%)/Nickel (4-7%) and up to 4% molybdenum. More resistant to stress corrosion cracking than austenitic, yet tougher than fully ferritic alloys. Typical use: Pipelines, pressure vessels, shafting STAINLESS STEEL - MARKETS In the Home Applications range from cookware, cutlery and sinks to appliance trim and fireplace liners. In Industry From food preparation and chemical process equipment, and building roofs and entrance ways, to medical instruments and implants, and computer diskettes. STAINLESS STEEL - HISTORY Background The "discovery" of stainless steel occurred in the 1900 to 1915 time period. However, as with many discoveries, it was the accumulated efforts of several individuals that actually began in 1821. That year a Frenchman named Berthier found that iron when alloyed with chromium was resistant to some acids. Others studied the effects of chromium in an iron matrix, but using a low percentage of chromium. To be stainless steel, the chromium content needs to be at least 10.5%. In 1872, Messrs. Woods and Clark applied for a British patent for what they identified as an acid and weather resistant alloy containing 30 to 35% chromium and 1.5 to 2% tungsten. Then, in 1875, another Frenchman named Brustlein recognized the importance of carbon levels in addition to chromium. Stainless steels need to have a very low level of carbon at 0.15%. While many others investigated the chromium/iron composition, the difficulty in obtaining the low carbon levels persisted for many years until low carbon ferrochrome became commercially available. Discovery In 1904, Leon Guillet published research on alloys with composition that today would be known as 410, 420, 442, 446 and 440-C. In 1906, he also published a detailed study of an iron-nickel-chromium alloy that is the basic metallurgical structure for the 300 series of stainless steel. In 1909, Giesen published in England a lengthy account on the chromium-nickel (austenitic 300 series) stainless steels. Also in England and France, Portevin published studies on an alloy that today would be 430 stainless steel. In Germany, in 1908, Monnartz & Borchers found evidence of the relationship between a minimum level of chromium (10.5%) on corrosion resistance as well as the importance of low carbon content and the role of molybdenum in increasing corrosion resistance to chlorides. Industrial Development Harry Brearley, chief of the research lab run jointly by John Brown & Co. and Thomas Firth & Sons, is generally accredited as the initiator of the industrial era of stainless steel. Most of his work was on 430 (the chemical analysis was patented in 1919). The first product was table cutlery and it is still used today. Note: There were many more investigators and researchers who played important roles in the development of stainless steel; too numerous to mention here. A very good historical account is given in the book "Stainless Steels" by Carl A. Zapffe. INTRODUCTION What is a Standard Finish? ��Standard�� finishes are produced on an on-going basis. They are generally available off the shelf or can be obtained with a short lead-time. They are the finishes that are used for most stainless steel applications. Standard finishes are categorized as either ��Mill�� or ��Polished��. ��Mill�� finishes are the least expensive finish option. There are both hot- and cold-rolled mill finishes, and, as this description implies, their appearance is produced at least in part by passing the stainless steel through special rolls or dies. The reflectivity of these finishes varies from dull to mirror-like. These finishes become less uniform in appearance with increasing product thickness or diameter. ��Polished�� finishes are produced by mechanically abrading the surface with a series of gradually finer abrasives or a special rolling procedure that simulates the appearance of mechanical abrasion. The smoothest polished finishes are buffed after mechanical polishing to produce a mirror-like appearance. ��Special�� Finishes include finishes that are generally used when aesthetic appearance is important and for specialized industrial applications. This category includes non-directional scratch patterns, swirls, ground circles, embossed and coined textures, and various coloring and coating methods. GLOSSARY A Age Hardening Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil. Alloying Element The adding of any metallic element in stainless steel production in order to increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, nickel, and chromium are common alloying elements in stainless steel. Alloy Surcharge The producer��s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices. Annealing (Solution Annealing) A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades). It relieves stresses that have built up during cold working and insures maximum corrosion resistance. Annealing can produce scale on the surface that must be removed by pickling. Anodic Protection Polarization to a more oxidizing potential to achieve a reduced corrosion rate by the promotion of passivity. Argon-Oxygen Decarburisation (AOD) A process of further reducing the carbon content of stainless steel during refinement. AOD is closely related to Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF), but has a shorter operating time and requires lower temperatures. Austenitic Stainless Steel Non-magnetic stainless steels that contain nickel and chromium sufficient to develop and retain the austenitic phase at room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used category of stainless steel. Automatic Gauge Control A hydraulic roll force system where stainless steel makers can monitor a stainless steel sheet��s thickness while it moves through the mill. The computer's gap sensor adjusts and monitors the thickness 50 to 60 times per second. B Bars Stainless steel formed into long shapes from billets. They can be rounds, squares, hexagons, octagons or flats, either hot or cold finished. Beam Long pieces of squared-off metal, normally stainless steel, which are used in building construction. Bend Tests Tests used to assess the ductility and malleability of stainless steel subjected to bending. Billet A semi-finished form of stainless steel that is used for long products such as bars and forgings. Billets are normally two to seven inches square. Blank A section of sheet stainless steel that has the outer dimensions of a specific part but has not yet been stamped by the end user. This lowers stainless steel processor's labor and transportation costs. Bloom A semi-finished form of stainless steel that will be further processed into mill products. Generally having a cross section greater than 36 sq. inches. Blooming Mill A hot rolling mill that takes continuously cast slabs or ingots and processes them into blooms. Brazing Brazing and soldering are techniques for joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible filler metal with a melting point well below that of the base metal. Bright Annealing The same as annealing but carried out in an atmosphere that prevents tarnishing or scaling and therefore preserves the bright surface. Brittle Fracture A fracture that has little or no plastic deformation. Burr A subtle ridge on the edge of strip stainless steel resulting from cutting operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blanking. For example, as a stainless steel processor trims the sides of the sheet stainless steel parallel or cuts a sheet of stainless steel into strips, its edges will bend with the direction of the cut. C Casting To shape molten metal by pouring into a mold to produce an ingot or a continuously cast slab. Case Hardening Hardening a ferrous alloy to make the outside (case) much harder than the inside (core). This can be done carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, carbonitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening. Their application to stainless steel is limited wherever they decrease corrosion resistance. Cathodic Corrosion Corrosion caused by a reaction of an amphoteric metal with the alkaline products of electrolysis. Cathodic Inhibitor A chemical substance that prevents or slows a cathodic or reduction reaction. Cathodic Protection Reducing the corrosion of a metal by making the particular surface a cathode of an electrochemical cell. Cavitation The rapid formation and depletion of air bubbles that can damage the material at the solid/liquid interface under conditions of severe turbulent flow. Centerless Grinding An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe. Chemical Analysis A report of the chemical composition of the elements, and their percentage that form a stainless steel product. Charge The material that is loaded into an electric furnace that will melt into a composition that will produce a stainless molten product. Normally recycled scrap, iron, and alloying elements. Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides. Chromium (Cr) An alloying element that is used in stainless steel to deter corrosion. Cladding Application of a stainless steel coating to a lower-alloy steel by means of pouring, welding, or coating to increase corrosion resistance at a lower cost than using steel exclusively. Coils A sheet of stainless steel that has been rolled into a coil to facilitate transportation and storage. Cold Finished Bars Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength. Cold Forming (Cold Working) Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc. performed at room temperature that increases the hardness and strength of the stainless steel. Cold Reduction Process of rolling cold coils of pickled hot-rolled sheet through a cold reduction mill to make the stainless steel stronger, thinner, and smoother by applying pressure. Cold-Rolled Strip (Sheet) Stainless steel that has been run through a cold reduction mill. Sheet is under 3/16th of an inch and 24" wide and over. Strip is under 3/16 of an inch and under 24" wide. Consumption The physical use of stainless steel by end users. Consumption predicts changes in inventories, unlike demand figures. Continuous Casting Processes of pouring stainless steel into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from the furnace. This process avoids the need for large, expensive mills and also saves time because the slabs solidify in minutes rather than the several hours it takes it for an ingot to form. Converter/Processor Stainless steel customers demanding stainless steel in a more finished state such as tubing, pipe, and cold-rolled strip from rerollers and tube makers. Corrosion The attack upon metals by chemical agents converting them to nonmetallic products. Stainless steel has a passive film created by the presence of chromium (and often other alloying elements, nickel, molybdenum) that resists this process. Corrosion Fatigue Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment. Corrosion Potential The potential of a corroding surface in an electrolyte relative to a reference electrode under open-circuit conditions. Corrosion Rate The rate at which an object corrodes. Corrosion Resistance A metal's ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment. CRAP A abbreviation for "cold rolled annealed and pickled." Creep Strain caused by the stress that occurs over time. Crevice Corrosion Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion. Critical Pitting Potential The lowest value of oxidizing potential at which pits can form and grow. The value depends on the test method used. Cut-to-Length Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipped flat-stacked. D Deburring Removing the subtle ridge from the edge of strip metal that results from cutting operation such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blanking. Descaling A process that removes the oxide scale from the surface of the stainless steel that developes from hot operations. Drawing (Drawn) A forming process that presses metal into or through a die (as in cold drawn wire). Drawn-Over-Mandrel To produce specialty tubing, this procedure uses a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, allowing excellent control of the inside diameter and wall thickness. Ductility A measurement of the malleability of stainless steel in terms of the amount of deformation it will withstand before failure. Duplex Stainless steel comprised of austenitic and ferretic stainless steels that contain high amounts of chromium and nickel. This combination is stronger than both of the individual stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking. E Edge Rolling (Edge Conditioning) To facilitate customer manipulation, strips of stainless steel are rolled to smooth the edges and remove any burrs. Elastic Springback When stainless steel is bent, the metal towards the outside of the bend is in tension and the metal towards the inside is in compression. If the applied bending force is not sufficient to cause permanent plastic flow at either the inner or outer surfaces, the metal will return elastically to its original shape. Stainless steel has a greater elastic springback than mild steel. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) A stainless steel producing furnace where scrap generally makes up a high percentage of the charge. Heat is supplied from electricity that arcs from the electrodes to the metal bath. These furnaces may operate on AC or DC. Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) Pipe Pipe made from strips of hot-rolled stainless steel, which are passed through forming rolls and welded. Elongation A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches. Embrittlement A material's loss of malleability due to chemical treatment or physical change. Erosion The continuous depletion of a material due to mechanical interaction with a liquid, a mulitcomponent fluid, or solid particles carried with the fluid. Erosion-Corrosion An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material. Extrusion A shaped piece of stainless steel produced by forcing the bloom, bar, or rod through a die of the appropriate shape. F Fabricator An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project. Fatigue A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile strength of the material. Ferrite The body-centred cubic crystalline phase of iron-based alloys. Ferritic Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%. It is the second most widely used stainless steel. Ferretic stainless steels are generally used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, hot water tanks, and interior architectural trim. Ferroalloy Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making. Ferrochrome A common raw material in stainless steel production. This alloy consists of iron and up to 72% chromium. Ferrous Any metal that is primarily composed of iron. Finish The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production. Finishing Facilities These facilities process semi-finished stainless steel into ready-made forms that can be used by others. Some facilities are rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product) Category of stainless steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate. Flux An iron cleaning agent that consists of limestone and lime. These products react with impurities in the metallic pool and float to the top of the liquid iron. Foil Metal with a maximum width of .005 inches. Forging Forming a hot or cold metal into a fixed shape by hammering, upsetting, or pressing. Forming A process that brings about a change in the shape of stainless steel by the application of force (i.e. cold forming, hot forming, wire forming). Fouling An accumulation of marine organism deposits on a submerged metal surface. Fouling also refers to the accumulation of normally inorganic deposits on heat exchanger tubing. Free-Machining A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining. Fretting Corrosion Deterioration at the interface of two contacting surfaces under load which is accelerated by their relative motion. G Galvanic Corrosion Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte. Gauer Bar (see edge rolling) Gauge The thickness of a certain stainless steel. General Corrosion "General corrosion" is the term used describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion. Grain (Grain Boundary) The individual crystal units comprising the aggregate structure where the crystalline orientation does not change. The grain boundary is where these individual crystal units meet. Grinding A term that implies metal removal similar to fast milling where the surface is removed by abrasion. H HARP An abbreviation for "hot rolled annealed and pickled." Hardness Test Hardness testing consists of pressing an indenter into a flat surface under a perfectly controlled load, then measuring the dimension of the resulting indentation. The three methods most commonly used for stainless steel are the Rockwell B, Rockwell C and Vickers tests. The higher the number, the harder the material. Heat Term referring to batch of refined stainless steel; a charged oxygen or electric furnace full of stainless steel. A heat of stainless steel can be used to cast several slabs, billets, or blooms. Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) The part of a metal that is not melted during cutting, brazing, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical properties are altered by these processes. Heat Treatment Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes. To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of stainless steel so that it is suitable for additional applications. Hot Band (Hot-Rolled Stainless Steel) Stainless steel that has been rolled on a hot-strip mill. It can be sold directly to customers or further processed into other finished products. Hot Forming Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change. High temperature reduces their yield strengths, and this results in a marked lowering of the force that is required to bring about plastic movement or flow from one shape to another. (hot rolling, hot stretching, etc.) Hydrogen Embrittlement The absorption of hydrogen by a metal resulting in a loss of ductility. Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Stepwise internal cracks that connect adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal surface. Hydrogen Stress Cracking Cracking of a metal resulting from the combination of hydrogen and tensile stress. I Impact Test Impact testing is used to measure the toughness of a material, corresponding to the energy necessary to cause fracture under shock loading. Low toughness is generally associated with brittle shear fracture and high toughness with ductile plastic tearing. Ingot Semi-finished stainless steel that has been poured into molds and then solidified. The molds are then removed and the stainless steel is ready for rolling or forging. Integrated Mills Facilities that combine all the stainless steel making facilities from melt shop through hot rolling and cold finishing, to produce mill products. Intergranular Corrosion Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal. Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries. Iron Ore A mineral that contains enough iron to be a factor in stainless steel production. Iron-Based Superalloys These alloys are at the highest end of the range of temperature and strength. Additives such as chrome, nickel, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and carbon may be used. These superalloys are also referred to as ��super chrome stainless steels.�� -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- L Levelling Line A machine that smoothes any physical deficiencies in the sheet before it is shipped to the customer. Life Cycle Costing An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay, because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance. Light-Gauge Stainless Steel A very thin sheet of stainless steel that has either been temper rolled or passed through a cold reduction mill. Line Pipe A pipe extending over long distances that transports oil, natural gas, and other fluids. Long Products Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat. Low-Carbon Stainless Steel Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon. M Martensite A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure. Martensitic A small category of magnetic stainless steels typically containing 12% chromium, a moderate level of carbon, and a very low level of nickel. Mechanical Properties (Physical Properties) Properties determined by mechanical testing, such as yield strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, bendability, impact strength, etc. Mill Products Generally mill forms of sheet, strip, plate, bar rod and semi-finished forms. Molybdenum (Mo) An alloying element that enhances corrosion resistance along with chromium in stainless steels. N Nickel (Ni) An alloying element used in stainless steels to enhance ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel-Based Superalloys Alloy metal produced for high-performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys. Non-Ferrous Metal Metal or alloy that contains no iron. O Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) Category of pipe products used by petroleum exploration customers. Labels bearing OCTG are applied to casting, drill pipes, oil well tubing, etc. Ore An iron-containing material used primarily in the melting furnace. Oscillating A method of winding a narrow strip of stainless steel over a much wider roll. This allows for more stainless steel per roll and allows the customer to have longer processing runs. Oxidation Rust or corrosion due to exposure to oxygen. P Passivation When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to the presence of chromium). But the time required can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution of nitric acid and water. Passive A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually un-attacked �� hence passive to its environment. Pickling A process that removes surface scale and oxidation products by immersion in a chemically active solution, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. Pickling Paste A commercially available product that performs the pickling function when used on the surface of stainless steel. Pipe Term that originally defined a tube used to transport fluids or gases. Often now, pipe and tube are used interchangeably. Pitting Localized corrosion (in the form of pits) of a metal surface that is confined to a small area. Plate Stainless steel measuring more than ten inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over. Postweld Heat Treatment Heating and cooling a weldment in such a way as to obtain desired properties. Powder Metals Fabricating technique where fine metallic powder is compacted and heated under high pressure to solidify the material. Precipitation Hardening (PH) A small category of stainless steels resembling martenistic stainless steels that have great strength and hardness due to heat treatment. Protective Coating A temporary adhesive protective film attached to the surface that protects the surface during forming and handling operations that is stripped before final use. R Reinforcing Bar (Rebar) A commodity-grade stainless steel used to reinforce concrete in highway and building structures. Residuals The impurities remaining in mini-mill stainless steels resulting from the wide variety of metals entering the process. Reversing Mill A stand of rolls that passes stainless steel back and forth between the rolls in order to reduce the stainless steel sheet or plate. The distance between the rolls is reduced after each pass. Rod Semi-finished stainless steel that is rolled from a billet and is commonly used for wire products, bolts, and nails. S Scale (Scale Removal) The oxide that forms on the surface of stainless steel, after exposure to high temperature. Scrap Iron-containing stainless steel material that is normally remelted and recasted into new stainless steel. Home scrap is left over stainless steel generated from edge trimming and rejects within the mill. Also, industrial scrap that is trimmed by stampers and auctioned to buyers. Seamless Pipe Pipe produced from a solid billet that is heated and rotated under pressure. This rotating pressure creates a hole in the middle of the billet, which is then formed into a pipe by a mandrel. Secondary Stainless Steel Stainless steel that has been rejected by an original customer because of a defect in the chemistry, gauge, or surface quality. Mills then search for another customer that will accept the stainless steel at a discount. Semi-Finished Stainless Steel Stainless steel products such as blooms, billets, or slabs that are then rolled and processed into beams, bars, sheets, etc. Sensitization The phenomenon in austenitic stainless steels that causes a change to occur in the grain boundaries when heated in the general range of 850 to 1475 degree F. This change destroys the passivity in these locati

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